Abstract: This paper presents an extended gradient-based optimization framework for optimal control problems governed by general conformable fractional derivatives (GCFDs), which unify various ...

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon. This systematic review investigates the implementation of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in K-12 mathematics education, offering a ...

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Real-world optimization problems are becoming increasingly complex and require effective and versatile algorithms to provide reliable solutions. However, the no-free-lunch theorem indicates that no ...