In FY22, the direct spending of the UAB Health System in combination with the indirect and induced impacts of dollars being re-spent throughout the economy generated $6.4 billion in overall economic ...

For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...

Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle ...