The hydrological cycle is involved in the total earth system. The total system can be classified into three important zone: Atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Atmosphere forms the gaseous ...

Reading time: 1 minute Drones in construction are advanced unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with cameras and sensors that revolutionize how construction sites are surveyed and monitored. These ...

Reading time: 1 minute The Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines are water turbines that are rotary machines which convert kinetic energy and the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy ...

Reading time: 1 minute Curtain walls are the first structural element that subjected to wind loads. There are cases in which wind loads controls the structural design of curtain walls that may include ...

Reading time: 1 minute Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mold for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork ...

2. Crib Retaining Wall Crib retaining walls are a form of gravity wall. They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from timber or pre-cast concrete. Then, the boxes are filled with ...

Reading time: 1 minute Structural glass skeletons represent a groundbreaking advancement in architectural engineering, transforming glass from a purely aesthetic feature into a primary load-bearing ...