Antibodies are best known for their ability to latch onto and neutralize bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. But these immune proteins can do more than that: They also activate other components of ...

When it comes to getting the most out of a vaccine, arm consistency can make a difference. Some studies suggest that getting ...

Antibodies and antitoxins are highly specific to the antigen or toxin that is made by the pathogen. That is why we say that the lymphocytes that produce them are specific.

Scientists have found that receiving a COVID-19 booster shot in the same arm as the initial dose triggers a faster and more effective immune response, thanks to primed macrophages in nearby lymph ...

Sophisticated imaging techniques have now revealed that when a booster vaccine is given in the same location, those ...

Each type of antibody attaches to only one specific antigen. The organism must make different antibodies for each type of pathogen. The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and make it ...

called antigens, on their surface. The Langerhans cells then travel to the lymph nodes and alert the immune system to trigger the immune response because a pathogen is in the body. Lymph nodes are ...

Boosters given in the same arm as the first dose trigger faster and more effective immune responses. Macrophages direct ...

A fundamental discovery in how the immune system organizes itself to respond better to external threats,” researchers find in study.

Protein vaccines are composed of purified or recombinant proteinaceous antigens from a pathogen ... with the functionality of the antibodies linked to viral clearance. Renner et al.