There are "costs of life" that mechanical physics cannot calculate. A clear example is the energy required to keep specific ...

A new JSTAT study shows how to compute the minimum energy cells use to sustain certain metabolic pathways while suppressing ...

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...

Skylar Clarine is a fact-checker and expert in personal finance with a range of experience including veterinary technology and film studies. Calculate stock gains/losses by subtracting the cost basis ...

What Is Free-Float Methodology? The free-float methodology is a widely accepted system for calculating the market capitalization of companies listed in stock indexes. By focusing only on shares ...

Pupil dilation provides a physiological readout of information gain during the brain's internal process of belief updating in the context of associative learning.

Rachel Williams has been an editor for nearly two decades. She has spent the last five years working on small business content to help entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses. She’s well-versed ...

Photochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur because of the absorption of light. The study of photochemical systems that use sunlight to drive important chemical reactions or to ...