Graphs are pictorial representations of numbers. Therefore, at the least, we should expect that the representation of the numbers be proportional to the numbers themselves. Unfortunately, this is not ...

Absolute value is a mathematical concept often used in conjunction with a number line or graph to represent the relative value from zero (modulus). To illustrate this idea in a different way, the ...

A set of novel vertex-degree-based invariants was introduced by Gutman, denoted by SO₁, SO₂, . . . , SO₆. These invariants were constructed through geometric reasoning based on a new graph invariant ...

Graph cover problems form a critical area within discrete optimisation and theoretical computer science, addressing the challenge of selecting subsets of vertices (or edges) that satisfy predetermined ...