The study is published in Nature. In the theoretical model favored by scientists, galaxies form gradually within large halos of dark matter. Dark matter halos capture gas (atoms and molecules) into gravitationally bound structures.

A group of international astronomers have discovered three mysterious, ultra-massive galaxies in the early universe. The galaxies – systems of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter – appear in a view from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope like creepy, blood-red glowing eyes. They get their striking color from their extreme amount of dust.

Three ultra-massive galaxies from the early universe, named "red monsters" show star formation happened faster than believed.

An international team that includes the University of Bath in the UK has discovered three ultra-massive galaxies (‘Red Monsters’) in the early Universe forming at unexpected speeds, challenging current models of galaxy formation.

An international team of astronomers has identified three ultra-massive galaxies—each nearly as massive as the Milky Way—already in place within the first billion years after the Big Bang. The discovery is surprising because it indicates that the formation of stars in the early Universe was far more efficient than previously thought,