Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle ...

For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...

The total cost of federally-sponsored projects includes a combination of both direct and indirect (F&A) costs. Some examples* of indirect (F&A) costs include: CU Boulder's indirect cost rate is ...

Many of the nation’s most elite research universities receive 50% or more in addition to direct research expenses to cover indirect costs. Going forward, the rate of support will now be 15% for ...