One by one, Communist governments loyal to Moscow seized power in Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. Soviet Communism soon dominated Eastern Europe. The Cold War had begun.

Giles believes that Russia is a revisionist force willing to risk great-power war to realize its goal of territorial expansion, not just in Ukraine but across eastern Europe.

Private archive of Jacek Chyrosz, Warsaw (Poland). Reproduced with permission In the course of the Cold War, architects, planners, and construction companies from socialist Eastern Europe collaborated ...