Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle ...

Hunter & Price (1992) established a theoretical framework in which environmental factors set the stage upon which interspecific interactions act. Their model integrated direct and indirect effects ...

The researchers used a mathematical model that accounts for both direct and indirect interactions in the network to adjust the experimental results and determine how influence decays with social ...

These complex direct and indirect interactions suggest that effects of invaders may be highly context-dependent, and therefore pose a significant challenge for predicting wider community and ecosystem ...