Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle.

Direct distribution channels deliver products directly to consumers. Indirect channels use intermediaries to make deliveries. Manufacturers pay costs in either case.

The researchers used a mathematical model that accounts for both direct and indirect interactions in the network to adjust the experimental results and determine how influence decays with social ...

Government Contracts Cost and Pricing: Allocation of Direct and Indirect Costs Keith Szeliga Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP + Follow Contact ...

Second, in mutualisms involving multiple partners, the most specialized species—those species with the fewest direct partners—are more influenced by indirect effects than by their direct partners.

"The application of our iDIRECT (Inference of Direct and Indirect Relationships with Effective Copula-based Transitivity) framework to synthetic gene expression and microbial community data ...

You’ve probably come across the theory that canines can sniff out people’s personalities. But a new study in PLOS ONE, finds that both dogs and wolves do not assess individual people as “generous” or ...

Taxes play a crucial role in a country's economic growth. Know the key differences between direct and indirect taxes, along with their benefits and drawbacks.

The paper, “ Disentangling direct from indirect relationships in association networks,” is published in PNAS as a contributed research article, #2021-09995R.