For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...

Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle ...

Regulatory and reimbursement pathways should consider indirect benefits in addition to direct health benefits when evaluating ...

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a staggering 16.8 million person-years of life lost across 18 European countries, with nearly 60 ...

Increasing electricity production by 100 times then the direct heat contribution would be 1% of natural sunlight. If we generate the energy cleanly with nuclear or solar power then it would be fine ...

The total cost of federally-sponsored projects includes a combination of both direct and indirect (F&A) costs. Some examples* of indirect (F&A) costs include: CU Boulder's indirect cost rate is ...