Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle ...

It keeps your team safe, your materials in good condition, and your project on schedule. Whether you choose a direct-fired or indirect-fired heater, make-up air or a recirculating system ...

For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...

For a car manufacturer, for example, direct costs might include the wages paid to plant workers as well as the expenses for the parts and materials used to build the car. Indirect costs are ...